Dawn of Day

It's a story that can't be forgot. Because there's so much injustice, there's so much hatred and it's something that we can't ever allow to happen again in our country in a greater sense the whole world. The best way that we can fight ignorance is to educate. And so kids need to know this story about human injustice, about doing what is right, about going and believing in something to the point where you take action on it. Everyday across the United States school children recite the Pledge of Allegiance. The last sentence states, with liberty and justice for all. That liberty and justice came at a price. In America between 1607 and 1865, African Americans didn't have their freedom. This time period they fought to be free. However, their story has often been excluded from the American experience. Why? Because most of their stories come from their oral tradition and until the Civil Rights era their story wasn't considered important. African Americans, Native Americans and Euro Americans worked together here in Kansas, between 1854 and 1861 to make Kansas a free state, to establish a Western edge of the underground railroad in this country. We started the long journey to liberty and justice for all

Just north of the town of Wabaunsee, stands a marker, in honor of the diverse, brave men and women who traveled to that area. The sign reads, [FOREIGN] which means a rough road leads to the stars. That monument has more meaning than most people know. The journey to freedom was unlike the highway tolls that you and I pay today. Braving the underground railroad guaranteed exhaustion, mental, physical, and psychological. Thousands tried to pay the toll for freedom. Only a few made it. And the ones that didn't were sent back to the farms they tried to escape from. It is estimated that between 20,000 and 30,000 slaves were held along the western border of Missouri. But over 115,000 statewide. Although most slave holders have fewer than 10 slaves, the work that was required of them was every bit as grueling as those on larger plantations in the south. Still due to their smaller size it gave opportunity for slaves to look beyond their masters' farms and to establish connections on other farms that will enable some of them to escape

A research in the history of the underground railroad throughout the United States. Many are the stories we hear about described individuals infamously in a small party of slaves from one of this station to the next, acting as conductors, end up individuals station masters, those that provided safe-houses where slaves could stay for a short time. And nearly all cases they were headed north to the free states with riles leading as far North as Canada. Somewhat unique to Kansas is the recorded story about organized trains that transported larger groups of slaves from one location for many miles, usually to a safe house for making their own worth journey. After this trains had been established, it gave room for station masters to do short runs from one house to another with rest stations in between

In 1860 Charles Leonhardt, a Polish American and committed abolish-ions journey with a group of like-minded men in approximately 15 slaves in one of the last trains of the underground railroad in Kansas. Reverend John Stewart was their appointed leader. They traveled an incredible distance of approximately 300 miles from Loris, Kansas to Iowa city, Iowa. They traveled a rough, north westerly route to avoid the more popular link trail that was being watched by state catchers and pro-slavery supervisors. Traveling in a train to four to five horse drawn wagons, they transported men, women, children and infants. The road was not easy. The North they may stay in only a day or two, ahead of masters of the slave catchers. They were close calls and heeded warnings from friends along the way. Charles recorded their two-month journey from Loris, South West through the Wakarusa Range, to Harveyville, Wabaunsee across the core/g river North of Manhattan, Centralia, on up into Nebraska, east of the Missouri river to their eventual destination in Iowa city. In what is one of the most detailed accounts on record, they not only escaped slave catchers and posed slavery sympathizers, but they trail blazed the furthest western loop at the underground railroad at the time. Charles recorded the names of some individuals including descriptions of them and a few of their conversations. Names like Blackhawk, Blackjack, Nancy, Cate, MarGeorge, Johnny, Joe and Ned. Food was always scarce and fresh clothes and bedding were much appreciated. Help that came was not always from the source one would expect. Several different religious denominations and fellowships were organized to come to their aid, often providing news of followers that were all too eager to catch up with them. It becomes clear reading the Old Hearts journal that there was a wide variety of opinions and positions that people had about slavery

Yet through it all people of all faiths and political backgrounds united to make their passage ways safe. Once they arrived to Iowa city, some of the freed slaves settled. Others were transported further north or back east to Boston. It's interesting to know that many of these freed men were willing to go to war and join the union army in the years to come. In order for the underground railroad to be successful, you had to rely on way stations, and relations of all friends to make it from point to point. In order to understand the underground railroad in Kansas prior to 1861, it's important to know who similar key players were and their perspectives. Well the first group that we need to thank, of course the abolitionists, the people that came to Kansas with the express purpose of stopping the spread of slavery, and we're talking about people from the New England states usually driven here on religious basis. You have John Brown who is from back East, he is inspired by, you don't wanna call it fanaticism but it's religious zeal. And he is going to come to Kansas and he is going to do everything that he can, he and his sons, to eliminate the scourge of slavery from the great plains. He kinda matched the pace and tempo, and the fever of the Missouri ruffians? Oh, absolutely! If not exceeding it. And he is memorialized here in the capital, John Stuart Curry's great mural of him holding the rifle in one hand, the bible in the other and those piercing eyes. I mean it's just amazing to look at this character in history. They want to stop slavery. Kansas is the hotbed for it, it's going to be up for popular sovereignty. We got border ruffians, people that cross the border from Missouri, they're going to vote several times, or try to vote several times when the elections come up. And you know one of the other things they try to do is intimidate people, make sure they don't vote, because they see Kansas is an agricultural hot bed. It's a place where slavery can expand. You got border ruffians like William Quantrill, who leads the raids into Lawrence

Today we'd call it a terrorist attack, they go in they murder males randomly in the streets, it depicts a time that's just hard for us to fathom today. Tell me a little bit about the two major compromises and how that affected Kansans at that particular time in the 1850s before it was a state. I think back to Shelby Foote who was one of the best civil war narrative writers of all time, and he said the one thing about Americans is we tend to think of ourselves as uncompromising. Yeah. And yet it sees two compromises, the compromise of 1820, the compromise of 1850 that really set the stage for what becomes bleeding Kansas. So talk to me a little bit about this term that we hear called Bleeding Kansas. Bleeding Kansas is a term that Horace Greeley used. He was the editor of the New York Times at the time and he was also a [UNKNOWN] evolutionist, and it's a time where media sensationalism exist. It's also a time where editors like Horace Greeley impact the country. Later we have the headline on the New York Tribune head west young man, I mean, Greeley was this influential literally figure. He speaks out about slavery and he sees bleeding Kansas as an incitement term, a way to ignite the passions of the people of the country. Greeley saw this as an opportunity to use that as a bit of propaganda to promote what's happening in Kansas is kind of a microcosm of the whole country and the fact that it's going to bring about the civil war, or at least the abolition of slavery which was his goal. The south, they wanna keep the balance in the center and they need to have some sort of concession to make the compromise of 1850 work. So they allowed slave trade to occur in certain parts still allowed in the capital. Politically speaking, the compromise of 1850 is doomed to fail and that's where we get the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular sovereignty to determine what's going to happen in the new territories coming up. And so, you have this political battle field that's going to be Kansas. Will it be a free state, will it be a slave state? That's where you have the people from New England coming in, you have the Border Ruffians coming across from Missouri to try to make Kansas a slave state and essentially is the first piece of tender to ignite the powder keg that will be the Civil War.

Amongst all this turmoil here in Kansas, yet they still, African Americans sought to come here to escape, why? He got the fugitive slave act that's enacted, and it's literally a felony to aid and abet a slave, or even house a slave in the North. And so while there are still traffic on the underground railroad heading up through the North and the Eastern states, Kansas becomes kind of a desirable route, the spur that can circumvent some of the hot spots where they are raiding parties waiting for slaves to come North. And so Kansas becomes the spur of the railroad, as a way to try and get slaves to the freedom of the North in Canada.

Talk to me from a teacher's perspective. Why should kids wanna know about this history in Kansas? It's kind of funny, clear to the 1940s, 1950s Kansas is a political hotbed. The acts of William Allan White, there the newspaper editor was big. The [UNKNOWN] and here comes from Abilene a president in the 1950s. And Kansas was a good barometer, of what was occurring in the state. He asks kids today is Kansas important? We are just a bunch of farmers. No, there was so much history to it. And such powerful stories and you capture in a story about what is right, what is justice, what does this country mean, and it's a powerful story, there's heroes, there's villains and it can just draw you in, but you know the biggest thing, it starts the civil war and it's really what makes the United States the United States.

Prior to the Civil War if you ask someone from Richmond Virginia, who are you? I am a Virginian. It's after the civil war that that same person would say I'm an American. But here in Kansas it's the start of the modern United States in my opinion. I can picture a room full of people dancing. I know. I think that too. Long dresses and yeah. And I hear that you have the connection to the underground railroad here in Kansas. I do. My great, great grandfather was a station master, on the underground railroad. My great grandfather was a conductor. Joshua Smith was the older man and John was his son. Joshua and his wife and a baby came from England, then they went to Utica, New York, then Lawrence then came out looking for land and found land just west of the Indian Reservation which was huge in those days. What was his motivation to come? He was looking for land. He was an orchardist in England, and he was looking for land and he found it and then went back and got his family. And then he was here probably a year or so before the colony came from New Haven, and then he got very involved obviously in the underground railroad. Why do you think they call it the underground railroad? I've heard a story that somebody said is probably true, but I don't know that, that a master was chasing his slave and he said he just disappeared. It's like he went underground. I know that was at times, places and then since they called it the underground railroad, then they used railroad terms for station master and conductor and such. So tell me what a station master and conductor of the underground railroad is. Station master housed the slaves. And conductor obviously conducted them to as a place. However, I found out that my great great grandfather conducted them clear to Nebraska. Okay. It was very secret, it had to be of course and my grandfather told a story that his dad had told him that they will come in the middle of the night with a wagon and they just said, let's go. And that the kids didn't know anything about it, they couldn't have. You know, if any of the children had known about what was going on and had mentioned it to a friend- Absolutely. They would have all been in trouble. So- So we have any idea where they hid the fugitives? In the loft of the house and Joshua's house was right across the road and down about a block from the Mitchel house. And they were very good friends. Do you think there were ever any close calls? I'm sure there were. I have, one of the things that my aunt wrote down was that one of my great, great aunts, someone came to the house and said there are Catchers or something. And the people were chasing the slaves in the area, and to be very careful. And she said I have a big bucket of hot water on a stove to throw on them. They must have known. Sure. But she would have been an adult by that time.

What do you think would have happened if your great great grandfather had gotten caught? Well, he went back to Lawrence to get his family and was accosted on the way back, by border ruffians and he said that he thought the only thing that saved his life was his prematurely gray hair and his English accent. He convinced them he didn't know anything about it. But if they had though he had anything to do with it they would have hung him on the spot. I believe it too. That's why I was so amazed when I found out that he took slaves with a wagon to the Nebraskan line, and I think that man had to be very brave and very committed. What do you think that's one of the determining factors that pushed him to the anti slavery side? I'd like to think that he thought it was just a very important thing to do. And I think I'd probably be right because of what he did, he must have thought it was the right thing to do. During the 1850s Kansas was a territory governed by local law enforcement in malicious. During that time IFISIS was made on the Future Slave act of 1850, virtually making it impossible for anyone to remain neutral. So this was built sometimes after this civil war when the economy recovered, there was the big drought of 1860s so there nothing happened then, and this store used to open inward, but it's a great old building. Share with me a little bit about the rule, the Wabaunsee Colony plagued with the underground railroad here in Kansas. The Beecher colony came in 1856 in the spring and before they came out here they were greeted in Lawrence by the Free State leaders and they pledged their allegiance that if Lawrence ever needed them to come they would come and help. So when they got here, it was just a matter of weeks before they were called and they formed the militia called the Perry Guards and the people in the Perry Guards were very knowledgeable of each other, and the Underground Railroad started a year later when the families the women and children had come by 1857 because the violence had subsided along the Kansas river. And since they had formed all these alliances during the height of the clashes then when it came time to help enslave the Africans seeking their freedom everybody knew each other already, so somebody in Harveyville would help someone coming from up the Wakarusa and then they'd go from Harveyville to straight here sometimes through Mission Creek but all the people helping knew each other. Often times some of the kids didn't know what the parents were doing as far as their Underground Railroad endeavors, do you think that was the case with Captain Mitchel with some of the other folks that you just recently mentioned? It's very interesting that you are bringing that up I think one of the Smith children later in their memoir said, mum was making so much food and we didn't know where it was going, we weren't eating it.  In the case of the Mitchel's, Captain Mitchel didn't actually marry until well after the civil war, he was living here with his sister Agnes. And so Agnes was the one that was cooking and caring for this freedom seekers and it was she who mostly told the stories to the Mitchel children. Because Captain Mitchel had also been to the California Gold rush and the Australian Gold rush and he thought those stories were much more interesting than the bleeding Kansas stories.

So as far as I have found the Mitchell children mostly got their stories from their aunt. Okay, were there any legacies that they inherited and acted out on. Yes actually there were four Mitchel children, and the ranch was actually called the Big Four Ranch cuz they were all so tall. Well for the eldest brother and the youngest brother worked for Hornaday when he founded the New York Zoological Society it's now called the Bronx zoo, and HR the eldest he was a major, it was like the CEO of the place. And so what I'm getting at is they were very educated and Maude the only girl in the family, she was an accomplished artist, she had studied in New York and she felt it was her role to preserve this stories, she helped get all the story put in the 1930s WPA tourist guide that were published. She helped do the ground work to get the Beecher Church put on the national register. That's awesome, now we know that Captain Mitchell could have done many other things, but why do you think he took a stand and put his life in jeopardy and his sisters life in jeopardy? Well this is very interesting. In my research I found that a lot of this families were radicalized during the Amistad trial in Connecticut in the late 1830s. And we know that Captain Mitchell's father William Mitchell senior was one of the founding members of an anti slavery society in Middleton Connecticut. The people during the Amistad trial, it was all in the news and the people would come and observe the trial and the former president of the United States was one of the attorneys, it was big news back then and there was a lot of sympathy for this Africans who wanted to go back to Africa. So I think that's where it came from and then this opportunity to act on those ideals came up, so he jumped at it and he had all this leadership skills from having been through those experiences.

Can you imagine coming here in 1856 when as far as you could see was just Tallgrass Prairie. There were no trees here, even along Antelope Creek here, and that's where they had to go to harvest logs to build the original log cabin which is now encased in the rest of the house. When it was first built, it was just a log cabin about 16 by 12, something like that, with an upper loft, and then when Mitchell got married, they jacked the house up and dug out a basement and made a stone foundation, and then I think also at that time they added this portion here and the front door used to be right here where this window is, and we are really lucky Kate Buster, who is the great great granddaughter, she has authenticated and documented every change to the house. It was in the Mitchell family, all the way up until the 70s when the Chrysler's bought it. And the fugitive slice would have been- Hidden in that loft there we got up there in that window. That was made in the Mod studio in the 1930s I think somewhere around there. So the original loft isn't there anymore. And what is so fascinating that Chrysler's have enabled anybody to come by and look through the window and see the original logs of the original cabin. I bet there's more up here that people don't know about. I think you may be right. We're so fortunate to have the Chrysler's living here. Because they've really embraced the history. I get inspired every time I come here. It gives me a chance to think about what I have to do tomorrow, I mean the moment. What about you? I get caught up in all the day to day activities, but when I have a chance to reflect, yes, I feel like somebody is looking over my shoulder. Yeah me too. Here is the little trying to, the pioneers and here we have Maude Mitchell, and in this photo they are holding an original Beecher Bible which is the sharps riffle, and then in this photo she is holding an original Beecher bible, it's stamped by Henry Ward Beecher's congregation.

Then we have FL here. FL, Morgan and this little plaque is [INAUDIBLE] she was so beloved. I think this was done in 1907 for the 50th anniversary of the church and Maude, Captain Mitchel's daughter was the artist. Very great artist. Of course here we have the bell, wanna ring the bell? No you ring it, don't go up with it now. They'll think there is a fire The kids love to come do this. And I think the town is used to it, there is a tour in town. Why do you think they chose Wabaunsee, why not [UNKNOWN] Lawrence or Utica? We're very fortunate to have the company minutes from the time they left New Haven, Connecticut until they formed the Wabaunsee town company, so we know very specifically that they wanted their own place, they didn't wanna combine with anybody else. And you had the [UNKNOWN] reservation that extended all the way from Topeka to the edge of Mount Mitchell over here. So that land was off limits for settlement, they wanted to be near the river, they were thinking of the future economy of the town, they wanted the river cuz at that time Skiing boat traffic. What's strange to me is that, looking at Manhattan, and Manhattan is name for a town, back east, Manhattan, New York. And why do you think they didn't name this New Haven after the place where they came from, some other town Connecticut? That's a good question, and again going back to the minutes there were a lot of lively discussions about this. They did want to name it. Some of them wanted to name it New Haven, and there were some heated arguments about it, but Charles Lines, who was the elected leader of the colony, I think he was on business in Lawrence and there was an old Indian agent that had been around since the late 1830s, and he ask him what would be a good name, and he suggested Wabaunsa or Wabaunsee and meaning, at the time interpreting it to mean dawn of day, and if you get into that it's much more nuance than dawn of day, but that's what the white people thought it meant and since they had come from the East and were starting new lives, they though it was perfect. Sure. Like this underground railroad story is fascinating for so many people and being unable to walk in the footsteps of this folks is amazing to me. I know that there were diverse people involved in the underground railroad, and in this community.

Who are some of the unsung heroes that we haven't heard about? Since it was an illegal activity, people at the time didn't really talk about it very much even among the families. But there was a great wave of nostalgia and reflection that started in the 1870s and really culminated in 1879 at a mass of old settlers meeting in Lawrence, and all this subjects came up. We know that Captain Mitchell, since his children perpetuated the stories. We know about them, but then we have people like the Platt brothers, their father was [UNKNOWN], who was quite well known as an Underground railroad station master in [UNKNOWN] They were here and they have a photograph that a black woman had made it to Canada and apparently got married and she sent a photograph back to the Platt's and when their descendants gave these objects to the Kansas State Historical Society this photograph was among those pictures and from the family stories, she was one of the people that the [UNKNOWN] half brothers helped. Then you have somebody like Sam Reed who was the uncle figure of everybody and was known to imbibe occasionally. We know that he helped because in one of the huge documented trains that came through, they talk about him getting a plough to help them cut down the bank of the river so they could cross the river.

Then there's mention that the Lines family, Charles Lines and his family had fugitive slaves staying with him. The Kelsey family is mentioned and who knows, with the Internet and family diaries appearing maybe we'll learn more in the future. So, for kids nowadays, what do you think they can take from the story? Richard Cordley, this minister who was associated with this church. He wrote about when the settlers first came, they were so concerned with their personal safety that everybody came together to fight a common cause. And all petty differences were dropped. They came together as Americans. In their minds they were fulfilling what the founding fathers had said was the promise of this country. That's right. And they felt very tied to that revolutionary spirit.

This church is a manifestation of that time and that feeling. I think we're at another point where we need to come together as Americans and face this unfinished business. I agree. We still haven't really dealt with race and a lot of people are trying to sweep it under the rug, and I have the hope that we will finally face it and deal with it. If we don't give our kids the kind of examples that will bring people together as opposed to the ones that separate us, then we'll never come together as Americans. And I think the history has a job of telling us what we've done together. Exactly. It's hard to imagine what it must have been like for fugitive slaves making the long journey from the southern states up to the free states and even north to Canada. Even with the help, the prosecution they suffered, the hunger, the fatigue and the ever present fear of being caught and separated from your family was terrifying. In Leonhardt's journal we have a few glimpses of what it was really like. I was raised in Cumberland county, North Carolina. When old master Baggers/g died we all filed a different masters. Don't know to this day when my folks was gone. A few weeks ago, my master went to Pike's peak and took me along. Made up my mind from the start that I'd go to the mountains away from master. Some nights ago, I don't know how many, master and other white trash had been playing cards and drinking whiskey at camp. In the morning, found all the white folks had left us. When master got awfully mad at something I'd done or not done, I don't know exactly which, he tries to give me a sound whipping. But I would not. I told him right to his face he better look out. I wanna rest me a while till the war's over any how and white folks that come after me, well I mean to fight with them. I'm a free man now. Black John. 1860. The story of the last train demonstrated the need for alternative pathways north. Once an established route, like the lane trail, became well known, it became harder to avoid slave hunters and the law that would have been on the side of slave owners during the territorial period. You have to remember the abolitionists were considered the extremist to many Americans at that time. But the people of Wabaunsee saw things differently and helped not only Leonhardt's group but others before and after the last train passed through. What is often missed in the story of slavery in America is that these were refugees, people stolen from their homeland and sold into slavery and not just by white men. They were treated more as cattle and property rather than as human beings and yet they persevered. So often we drive past places we think we know and don't stop to think what really went on here.

In 1985, I first came to Manhattan, Kansas as a student and was introduced to some of the stories about the underground railroad. As I began teaching and working with kids, I've tried to share my love of history with them. To me, history is a current event. Whatever came before us acts upon our lives today. I think examples are the key to anyone's success in growing up and my mother gave me the best examples I could possibly ever had. This caused me to survive difficult times and there was this relationship that she had with a diversity of people in my community that let me know that there was another side to the story other than the ones I had heard at school. I was born and raised in Pleasantville, New Jersey and we have a boardwalk in the town right next door to us, in Atlantic City, and we would go to the boardwalk, we'd go swimming, or we would go to the boardwalk, they had three piers, a million dollar pier, steeplechase pier and the steel pier. Well in the steel pier, they had a show where this high diving horse would do this fantastic feat and go up this ramp and dive off into this pool. it was an amazing experience for a young male like myself and as we left there, we decided to go to the wax museum. And inside this wax museum we saw kings, queens, Hollywood movie stars, it was fascinating because I had never experienced a piece of wax to look like that, and at the very end, something happened. My mama was told us that there's two types of alarm clocks, there's an alarm clock when you need to be on time for school or whatever, and then there's an alarm clock when something special happens, a graduation or birth of a baby and my alarm clock went off, cuz there was a diorama that pictured an African family and they were in loincloth, near bones in their nose and plates in their lips. And then there was this sign and the sign said savages. I said this folks look like me, and I had a curiosity to know if that was true, but my sister couldn't answer it, but my mother did and she told me that it is true, that there are folks in Africa that decorate themselves accordingly, but the reality is not all African people look like that, and then in America she said not all Americans looked the same. Everybody has their own way of dressing and beautifying themselves. She said, but the sign, that was a persons or that museum's way of displaying racial superiority. You had come from more than just slavery, she told me, and it's up to you to figure out your journey. And so from that point on, I really wanted to know, did we do anything besides being slaves and if so what did we do? And it's an important question to ask today and that's because African Americans and people in Durham do not know their own history.

Not too far from the town of Wabaunsee is the remains of one of the Platt brothers homesteads. In it Luther and Jeremiah settled in this area, shortly after the New Haven Colony arrived. As young men in Illinois, they experienced the struggle of abolitionists, by helping their parent hide and transport run away slaves to the north. Hearing a call for the free state movement, they came down to the Kansas territory to help in the cause. They were farmers, builders, and preachers. Two of them went on to teach at universities here in Kansas and one to eventually help start a school for freed men after the civil war. Not much is known about the slaves they helped here in Wabaunsee, but we do have clues. Years after the civil war, the Platts received a few photographs from former slaves, men and women who we assumed they helped along their path North. Looking at these faces with no names, we can only wonder what they experienced, and what gratitude it felt when they finally had their freedom. Perhaps some day, we will learn their names, where they lived and what became of their families. It is estimated that as many as 35 abolitionist are buried in the Wabaunsee Cemetery. It's hard not to feel a closeness to the people who lived and died in this small community. Their lives were sacrificed, their struggle to do the right thing, inspire us to keep up the course and to make things better for the next generation. But it was not just abolitionists who did who did a great work here, the generations that were follow after them help build a community where travelers or freed men and women felt safe. Many go unnamed, and many are yet to be discovered, but their lives will carry on. If we pass on their stories, if we make their lives a sacrifice known.

To collect this stories and provide that narrative of what the Underground Railroad is about, that's something that needs to be done and so that we can honor those people that did this great work, this right thing. If they could do it 106 years ago why not do it today and that's a great benefit of the story. The fact that it shows that as human beings we're capable of doing the right thing. It means a lot to me, to know that my family was so involved and so dedicated to this. I ask children when I come in, do you know about the Underground Railroad? And I'm finding most cases, in about the third grade during black history month, they learn about the Underground Railroad, and a lot of children are very interested in what I have there. But I think it's something that children should be taught. What legacy do you think that Captain Mitchell left behind for us? Do the right thing. Follow humanity that your ancestors have passed down to you. In his case he was a Christian and followed the pre steps of his theology, do unto others as they would do unto you, and he heard all that as a young child in Middletown, Connecticut. How do you see him in yourself? I have thought about that, and I must confess in my whole involvement with the Mitchell's I have been more inspired by Maude, I guess because she's more recent. She never married and she devoted her life to preserving stories of the pioneers. It's her desire, her passion to keep those stories of the pioneers alive. That's really what's inspired me, but of course Captain Mitchell and Sister Agnes, they were the source of inspiration for Maude. Sure. So it's in a way it just kinda passes down. I think one of the things that inspires me of the all this folks, Captain Mitchell being the leader, is the fact that sometimes you have to take a stand. Yeah. Like you said earlier, and not always is it going to be popular. It means that you're probably going to alienate some folks, but you know in your heart when something is right and when something is wrong. I see that part of the legacy of all these people has played out in my own life in a number of different ways. That's what history does for us. It allows us to see that people have done remarkable things. Not without the armies but you know sometimes with just a few that escalates. But somebody has to start it.